Ethnonational mobilisations — characterised by a strong sense of national and political identification, whether organised along ethnic, religious, or regional political identifications — tend to flatten and camouflage internal divisions, including gender hierarchies. Consequently, although women have active ongoing contributions in ethnonational political organising and conflicts in Ethiopia, their engagement remains largely unexplored. This report seeks to address this gap, examining women’s participation in non-state armed organising in Ethiopia, focusing on the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), Tigray Defense Forces (TDF), and Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF). Using feminist research methods and analysis, it examines the motivations driving women’s participation, how they perceive and articulate their roles, and the gendered ways in which they navigate cross-border ethnonational armed organising.